英文字典中文字典


英文字典中文字典51ZiDian.com



中文字典辞典   英文字典 a   b   c   d   e   f   g   h   i   j   k   l   m   n   o   p   q   r   s   t   u   v   w   x   y   z       







请输入英文单字,中文词皆可:

presumption    音标拼音: [prɪz'ʌmpʃən] [priz'ʌmpʃən]
n. 专横,放肆,假定,推测,可能性

专横,放肆,假定,推测,可能性

presumption
n 1: an assumption that is taken for granted [synonym: {given},
{presumption}, {precondition}]
2: (law) an inference of the truth of a fact from other facts
proved or admitted or judicially noticed
3: audacious (even arrogant) behavior that you have no right to;
"he despised them for their presumptuousness" [synonym:
{presumption}, {presumptuousness}, {effrontery},
{assumption}]
4: a kind of discourtesy in the form of an act of presuming;
"his presumption was intolerable"

Presumption \Pre*sump"tion\ (?; 215), n. [L. praesumptio: cf. F.
pr['e]somption, OF. also presumpcion. See {Presume}.]
1. The act of presuming, or believing upon probable evidence;
the act of assuming or taking for granted; belief upon
incomplete proof.
[1913 Webster]

2. Ground for presuming; evidence probable, but not
conclusive; strong probability; reasonable supposition;
as, the presumption is that an event has taken place.
[1913 Webster]

3. That which is presumed or assumed; that which is supposed
or believed to be real or true, on evidence that is
probable but not conclusive. "In contradiction to these
very plausible presumptions." --De Quincey.
[1913 Webster]

4. The act of venturing beyond due beyond due bounds; an
overstepping of the bounds of reverence, respect, or
courtesy; forward, overconfident, or arrogant opinion or
conduct; presumptuousness; arrogance; effrontery.
[1913 Webster]

Thy son I killed for his presumption. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]

I had the presumption to dedicate to you a very
unfinished piece. --Dryden.
[1913 Webster]

{Conclusive presumption}. See under {Conclusive}.

{Presumption of fact} (Law), an argument of a fact from a
fact; an inference as to the existence of one fact not
certainly known, from the existence of some other fact
known or proved, founded on a previous experience of their
connection; supposition of the truth or real existence of
something, without direct or positive proof of the fact,
but grounded on circumstantial or probable evidence which
entitles it to belief. --Burrill. --Best. --Wharton.

{Presumption of law} (Law), a postulate applied in advance to
all cases of a particular class; e. g., the presumption of
innocence and of regularity of records. Such a presumption
is rebuttable or irrebuttable.
[1913 Webster]

235 Moby Thesaurus words for "presumption":
adventurousness, allegory, allusion, apriorism, aptitude,
arcane meaning, arrogance, aspiration, assumption, assurance,
assured faith, attitude, audaciousness, audacity, axiom, basis,
belief, bias, boldness, brashness, brass, brazenness, brinkmanship,
bumptiousness, butting-in, chance, cheek, cheekiness,
cheerful expectation, chutzpah, climate of opinion, coloration,
common belief, community sentiment, conceit, concept, conception,
conclusion, confidence, conjecture, connotation, consensus gentium,
consideration, contumely, conviction, courage fou,
courting disaster, crust, daredevilry, daredeviltry, daring,
deduction, dependence, desire, doomed hope, effrontery, entailment,
estimate, estimation, ethos, evidence, expectation, eye, face,
fair expectation, fair prospect, faith, familiarity,
favorable prospect, feasibility, feeling, fervent hope,
fire-eating, flirting with death, foolhardiness, forejudgment,
forwardness, gall, general belief, going for broke, good chance,
good cheer, good hope, great expectations, grounds, guess,
guesswork, hardihood, harebrainedness, high hopes, hint, hope,
hopeful prognosis, hopefulness, hopes, hoping, hoping against hope,
hubris, hypothesis, idea, immodesty, impertinence, implication,
implied meaning, import, imposition, impression, impudence,
inference, innuendo, inquisitiveness, insolence, intermeddling,
intimation, intrusiveness, involvement, ironic suggestion,
judgment, lawlessness, liability, liberties, liberty abused,
license, licentiousness, lights, likelihood, likeliness, meaning,
meddlesomeness, meddling, metaphorical sense, mind, mystique,
nerve, notion, nuance, observation, obtrusiveness, occult meaning,
odds, officiousness, opinion, outlook, overconfidence, overtone,
overweening, overweeningness, parti pris, personal judgment,
plausibility, playing with fire, point of view, popular belief,
posit, position, postulate, postulation, postulatum, posture,
prayerful hope, preapprehension, preconception, preconclusion,
preconsideration, predecision, predetermination, predilection,
predisposition, prejudgment, prejudication, prejudice,
premature judgment, premise, premiss, prenotion, prepossession,
presumptive evidence, presumptuousness, presupposal,
presupposition, presurmise, prevailing belief, pride, probabilism,
probability, procacity, promise, proposition, prospect, prospects,
public belief, public opinion, pushiness, reaction, reason,
reasonable ground, reasonable hope, reliance, sanguine expectation,
security, sentiment, set of postulates, sight, stance, stand,
subsense, subsidiary sense, subsumption, suggestion, supposal,
supposing, supposition, surmise, suspicion, symbolism, temerity,
tendency, theory, thesis, thinking, thought, tinge, touch, trust,
undercurrent, undermeaning, undertone, undue liberty, uppishness,
uppityness, verisimilitude, view, way of thinking,
well-grounded hope, working hypothesis

PRESUMPTION, evidence. An inference as to the existence of one fact, from
the existence of some other fact, founded on a previous experience of their
connexion. 3 Stark. Ev. 1234; 1 Phil. Ev. 116; Gilb. Ev. 142; Poth. Tr. des.
Ob. part. 4, c. 3, s. 2, n. 840. Or it, is an opinion, which circumstances,
give rise to, relative to a matter of fact, which they are supposed to
attend. Menthuel sur les Conventions, liv. 1, tit. 5.
2. To constitute such a presumption, a previous experience of the
connexion between the known and inferred facts is essential, of such a
nature that as soon as the existence of the one is established, admitted or
assumed, an inference as to the existence of the other arises, independently
of any reasoning upon the subject. It follows that an inference may be
certain or not certain, but merely, probable, and therefore capable of being
rebutted by contrary proof.
3. In general a presumption is more or less strong according as the
fact presumed is a necessary, usual or infrequent consequence of the fact or
facts seen, known, or proven. When the fact inferred is the necessary
consequence of the fact or facts known, the presumption amounts to a proof
when it is the usual, but not invariable consequence, the presumption is
weak; but when it is sometimes, although rarely,the consequence of the fact
or facts known, the presumption is of no weight. Menthuel sur les
Conventions, tit. 5. See Domat, liv. 9, tit. 6 Dig. de probationibus et
praesumptionibus.
4. Presumptions are either legal and artificial, or natural.
5.-1. Legal or artificial presumptions are such as derive from the law
a technical or artificial, operation and effect, beyond their mere natural.
tendency to produce belief, and operate uniformly, without applying the
process of reasoning on which they are founded, to the circumstances of the
particular case. For instance, at the expiration of twenty years, without
payment of interest on a bond, or other acknowledgment of its existence,
satisfaction is to be presumed; but if a single day less than twenty years
has elapsed, the presumption of satisfaction from mere lapse of time, does
not arise; this is evidently an artificial and arbitrary distinction. 4
Greenl. 270; 10 John. R. 338; 9 Cowen, R. 653; 2 McCord, R. 439; 4 Burr.
1963; Lofft, 320; 1 T. R. 271; 6 East, R. 215; 1 Campb. R. 29. An example of
another nature is given under this head by the civilians. If a mother and
her infant at the breast perish in the same conflagration, the law presumes
that the mother survived, and that the infant perished first, on account of
its weakness, and on this ground the succession belongs to the heirs of the
mother. See Death, 9 to 14.
6. Legal presumptions are of two kinds: first, such as are made by the
law itself, or presumptions of mere law; secondly, such as are to be made by
a jury, or presumptions of law and fact.
7.-1st. Presumptions of mere law, are either absolute and conclusive;
as, for instance, the presumption of law that a bond or other specialty was
executed upon a good consideration, cannot be rebutted by evidence, so long
as the instrument is not impeached for fraud; 4 Burr. 2225; or they are not
absolute, and may be rebutted evidence; for example, the law presumes that a
bill of exchange was accepted on a good consideration, but that presumption
may be rebutted by proof to the contrary.
8.-2d. Presumptions of law and fact are such artificial presumptions as
are recognized and warranted by the law as the proper inferences to be made
by juries under particular circumstances; for instance, au unqualified
refusal to deliver up the goods on demand made by the owner, does not fall
within any definition of a conversion, but inasmuch as the detention is
attended with all the evils of a conversion to the owner, the law makes it,
in its effects and consequences, equivalent to a conversion, by directing or
advising the jury to infer a conversion from the facts of demand and
refusal.
9.-2. Natural presumptions depend upon their own form and efficacy in
generating belief or conviction on the mind, as derived from these
connexions which are pointed out by experience; they are wholly independent
of any artificial connexions and relations, and differ from mere
presumptions of law in this essential respect, that those depend, or rather
are a branch of the particular system of jurisprudence to which they belong;
but mere natural presumptions are derived wholly by means of the common
experience of mankind, from the course of nature and the ordinary habits of
society.
Vide, generally, Stark. Ev. h.t.; 1 Phil. Ev. 116; Civ. Code of Lo.
2263 to 2267; 17 Vin. Ab. 567; 12 Id. 124; 1 Supp. to Ves. jr. 37, 188, 489;
2 Id. 51, 223, 442; Bac. Ab. Evidence, H; Arch. Civ. Pl. 384; Toull. Dr.
Civ. Fr. liv. 3, t. 3, o. 4, s. 3; Poth. Tr. des Obl. part 4, c. 3, s. 2;
Matt. on Pres.; Gresl. Eq. Ev. pt. 3, c. 4, 363; 2 Poth. Ob. by Evans, 340;
3 Bouv. Inst. n. 3058, et seq.


请选择你想看的字典辞典:
单词字典翻译
presumption查看 presumption 在百度字典中的解释百度英翻中〔查看〕
presumption查看 presumption 在Google字典中的解释Google英翻中〔查看〕
presumption查看 presumption 在Yahoo字典中的解释Yahoo英翻中〔查看〕





安装中文字典英文字典查询工具!


中文字典英文字典工具:
选择颜色:
输入中英文单字

































































英文字典中文字典相关资料:


  • 为什么尼罗河泛滥可以带来文明富足,长江黄河泛滥却只能 . . .
    因为尼罗河的泛滥可以给 500万人 带来富足,而长江黄河的泛滥会给 1亿人 带来灾难。 等埃及人口增长到 2000万 人的时候,你问问纳赛尔,看他觉得尼罗河的泛滥是富足嘛? 哦,他修了阿斯旺大坝,让尼罗河再也不泛滥了。
  • 尼罗河的源头到底是什么样的? - 知乎
    尼罗河从南往北浩浩荡荡,流经10个国家:卢旺达、布隆迪、坦桑尼亚、肯尼亚、乌干达、刚果(金)、南苏丹、苏丹、埃塞俄比亚和埃及,最终注入地中海,长约6650千米,是全球最长的河流。相比之下,长江长约6397千米,黄河长约5464千米,都屈居尼罗河之下。青尼罗河与白尼罗河在苏丹首都
  • 尼罗河流域十大恐怖生物,为什么尼罗河没有人敢下河游泳?
    尼罗河鳄鱼是尼罗河中最可怕、最致命的生物之一。 尼罗河鳄是非洲最大的鳄鱼,也是世界上体型仅次于湾鳄的鳄鱼,体重可达1090公斤,身长可达6米。 它们是极具攻击性和技巧的食肉动物,躲在河中,用它们强有力的长颚从岸边抓起猎物,然后拖到水下淹死。
  • 知乎 - 知乎
    知乎,中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台,于 2011 年 1 月正式上线,以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和见解,找到自己的解答」为品牌使命。知乎凭借认真、专业、友善的社区氛围、独特的产品机制以及结构化和易获得的优质内容,聚集了中文互联网科技、商业、影视
  • 初入爱马仕香水,该选哪个?
    2 爱马仕花园系列香水 花园系列香水的整体味道都是以清新、清爽的水果、花香为主,在我看来十分适合校园、以及热爱日常生活的人买来使用。 如果对这款香水的详细味道感兴趣,也可以点击我的这篇知乎历史文章查看: 阿达的鼻子:爱马仕尼罗河花园、李先生的花园、屋顶花园、地中海花园
  • 尼罗河与古埃及科学文化的发展有什么关系? - 知乎
    孕育埃及文明的尼罗河 尼罗河是世界上最长的河流,全长6670公里。尼罗河发源于非洲中部布隆迪高原,从南向北流经非洲东北部,注入地中海。从形状上来看,尼罗河就像天蝎座。
  • 求尼罗河上的惨案人物关系图? - 知乎
    而1978年版的《尼罗河上的惨案》,则更像是一瓶陈年老酒,或许它只是用一层很不起眼的粗布包裹,可依然无法遮挡那酒的醇美,而且随着时间的推移,那酒的滋味更浓,历久弥香。 我觉得在1978年的老版中,最吸引观众的有两点,一个是极好地营造了那种“每个人都杀人动机,每个人都可能是凶手
  • 友友们给个建议,爱马仕的香水尼罗河花园和李先生的花园 . . .
    爱马仕 花园系列香水有5款,我最喜欢的是尼罗河花园。 尼罗河花园 这款香水其实挑不出什么毛病,可以说是名副其实的高分之作,唯一的缺点就是太容易撞香,其他没有啥挑剔的,不管是盲入还是新人选香、还是看性价比,都是比较推荐的一款香。
  • 尼罗河的源头在哪? - 知乎
    尼罗河全长6670公里,比咱们国家的长江长了370公里,是世界上最长的河流。 尼罗河有两个源头,一个是东源头,称为青尼罗河。 青尼罗河发源于埃塞俄比亚高原,向东北流去,在苏丹境内汇入尼罗河的另一个源头——白尼罗河。
  • 假如尼罗河在中国境内,取代了黄河的位置,我们将会怎样的 . . .
    后来,大洪水重新填满了地中海,而尼罗河上游的抬升形成了这条大河。 尼罗河以一定的淤积回填大峡谷,大约每百年河床平均增高16厘米。 这些地质活动造成了一条世间罕见的河流: 被束缚在河谷内、河谷外是巨大的沙漠、河谷内是丰厚的泥土。





中文字典-英文字典  2005-2009